Marcus Ulpius
Trajanus, who is usually known as Trajan, was born near Seville, Spain, on 18th
September 53AD (although some sources say 52AD). He was a soldier from an early
age, serving for ten years as a military tribune before becoming a praetor in
85AD. He served with distinction in the Eastern Empire and in Germany . He
became a consul in 91AD and was adopted by the emperor Nerva in 97AD.
Nerva died in
January 98AD, so Trajan became emperor, the first to have been born outside Italy . He was
widely acclaimed and there was no opposition to his succession.
At the time
of his accession he was fighting to establish Roman dominance on the Rhine and Danube frontiers, and he continued to do so during the
first few months of his reign, including the building of fortifications and
roads in the area. When he eventually returned to Rome , in 99AD, he and his wife entered the
city on foot.
However, in
March 101 Trajan resumed his campaign on the Danube, where he was determined to
make war on the Dacians, led by Decebalus, in what is now Romania and Hungary.
Decebalus had compelled Domitian (emperor 81-96) to make peace on humiliating
terms, and Trajan wanted to set this right.
The war was
in two parts, the first lasting until 103, when Decebalus was defeated and sued
for peace. However, this was merely to buy time until he had rebuilt his
defences and forces and felt strong enough to resume the fight. The second
Dacian War, from 104 to 106, resulted in the complete defeat of Decebalus, after
which he took his own life.
When Trajan
returned to Rome ,
bearing the head of Decebalus, he was received with great jubilation. The
monument known as Trajan’s Column, which still survives, was erected in
celebration of his triumph. This remarkable edifice, completed in 113, is 98
feet high and 11 feet in diameter. The story of the Dacian Wars is told in
relief carvings that spiral their way up the column in a continuous frieze, the
upper parts of which would clearly have been invisible to anyone at ground
level. However, it is from this column that much of our knowledge of Roman
military tactics and equipment derives.
More
immediately, Trajan’s triumph was celebrated with games that lasted for 123
days, involving 10,000 gladiators and the slaughter of 11,000 animals.
After a
period of relative peace, Trajan left Rome in
114 to make war on the Armenians and Parthians (who inhabited modern day Iran and Iraq ). During 115 and 116 Trajan
was able to subdue the Parthians, reaching as far as the Persian
Gulf . However, in 117 Trajan fell ill and decided to return to Rome , leaving the
campaign in the hands of his nominated successor, Hadrian.
Trajan died
in August 117 at Selinus in Cilicia (Asia Minor), aged 63, and his ashes, in a
golden urn, were taken to Rome where they were buried with great ceremony under
his column.
Apart from
his military exploits, Trajan was also an excellent administrator and
financier, aided in great measure by the gold mined in the new province of Dacia . He added to the network of Rome ’s great roads,
building important bridges and aqueducts, plus the forum in which his column
stands today.
He was not
well educated, or a man of learning, but he had sound common sense and believed
in fairness and justice. He was strong and good looking, was prepared to live
as frugally as his soldiers, and was generally well liked, which is not
something that could be said for many Roman emperors.
© John
Welford
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